[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]A lo largo del siglo pasado el uso del hormigón en edificación evolucionó desde un origen puramente estructura la su utilización también en las envolventes delos edificios. En este arranque del siglo XXI, podemos afirmar que es esta última concepción epidérmica del material la que plantea mayor interés y más vías de experimentación en la industria del hormigón. Si a principios del siglo XX el hormigón revolucionaba la construcción de edificios al plantear la independencia de la estructura(esqueleto) de la envolvente (piel) y a finales de siglo los hormigones aislantes y aligerados eran ya una realidad,las últimas investigaciones se centran en obtener hormigones translúcidos, autolimpiables y descontaminantes, así como hormigones biológicos autorreparables.
Se han realizado varios intentos de fabricación de hormigones translúcidos y existen en la actualidad diversas patentes, todas ellas basadas en el mismo principio,introducir dentro del conglomerado originalmente pétreo fibras ópticas, elementos capaces de conducir laluz, llegándose incluso a plantear la sustitución total de arena y grava por fibras de vidrio y resinas. Dependiendo del tipo de fibras (plásticas o de vidrio) y de su disposición pueden encontrarse diferentes productos.
Las diferentes patentes, como Lucemo Litraconporejemplo, ofrecen paneles prefabricados de espesores de entre 25 y 200 mm y formatos de hasta 400×1.200 mm,en los cuales una matriz de miles de fibras de vidrio proporciona al hormigón una veta caótica, aparentemente natural, similar a la del alabastro. En cuanto a los paneles de mayor formato (1.200 x 3.000 x 80 mm) las fibras,compuestos plásticos en este caso, se disponen en una matriz perpendicular a la cara del panel, dotando al bloque
de hormigón de una retícula de puntos de luz. Esta retícula puede desordenarse y contener fibras de diferentes diámetros (entre 1 y 2 mm) para romper la regularidad de las fibras o por el contrario concentrarse encapas de fibras de 0,5 mm dando lugar a un aspecto “estratificado”.
Por el momento todos estos hormigones han sido utilizados en elementos prefabricados y mayoritariamente en aplicaciones de mobiliario y decoración, a modo de pequeñas mock-up. Sin embargo, las cualidades del material, que conserva la capacidad portante del hormigón tradicional, reduciendo hasta en un 30% su peso, muestran su enorme potencial de evolución: su futura utilización estructural y hasta una posible puesta en obra in situ.
La contaminación es una de las mayores preocupaciones en las ciudades de hoy, y la industria de la construcción comienza a ofrecer soluciones no sólo encaminadas a reducir la huella energética de los edificios en funcionamiento y la energía consumida en su fabricación,sino a comerse la contaminación ambiental literalmente,como si se tratara de plantas fotosintéticas con el dióxido de carbono. Los hormigones fotocatalíticos o autolimpiables con dióxido de titanio se basan en este principio, absorbiendo la contaminación atmosférica y sintetizándola cuando se exponen a los rayos ultravioleta.
El proceso de fotocatálisis por el que la polución se descompone en nano partículas inocuas es una simple aceleración del proceso natural de oxidación y sirve tanto para reducir la polución como para mantener los paramentos de hormigón limpios de las manchas originadas por la contaminación.
La mayoría de contaminantes atmosféricos de las ciudades, tanto orgánicos (hidrocarburos y bencenos)como inorgánicos (óxidos de nitrógeno, óxidos de azufre)reaccionan mediante procesos de oxidación en los cuales quedan reducidos a nitratos y sulfatos inocuos que se diluyen finalmente en el agua de lluvia.
[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»9999,10000,10001″ img_size=»full»][vc_column_text]El dióxido de titanio (TiO2) añadido a la mezcla del hormigón actúa como fotocatalítico, acelerando estos procesos de oxidación. Aunque la utilización de estos hormigones no es todavía habitual en procesos de fabricación in situ, sí que es fácil encontrar ya productos prefabricados como adoquines, losas de pavimentación,piezas para fachadas, etc., con estas propiedades limpiadoras y descontaminantes.
Otro campo en el que se centran investigaciones recientes es el de los hormigones biológicos autorreparables o bio-hormigones. En este caso se busca la reparación autónoma de las fisuras que aparecen en el material, una de las patologías más comunes a que seve sometido el hormigón. La reparación de fisuras se ha realizado tradicionalmente mediante tratamientos pasivos(fisuras superficiales) y activos (fisuras internas). Lo que ahora se está tratando de conseguir es la introducción
de bacterias sintetizadoras de calcita (carbonato cálcico, CaCO3) en el propio material, de manera que el tratamiento activo se lleve a cabo de forma autónoma desde su misma fabricación, consiguiendo alargar considerablemente su vida útil.Una de las dificultades está siendo encontrar las bacterias
capaces de vivir en un medio como el hormigón;la adherencia entre la nueva materia y el propio materiales otro de los problemas principales. Desde la Universidad de Delft se están desarrollando soluciones enlas que se propone introducir en el material unas microcápsulas que contienen cepas de bacterias en estado latente (BacilusPseudofirmus) así como lactato de calcio,que servirá de alimento a dichas bacterias. Las microcápsulas se abren al entrar en contacto con la humedad, es decir, cuando se produce una fisura que permite al oxígeno y la humedad entrar en contacto con ellas. De esta forma, en caso de fisuración, las bacterias comenzarían a desarrollarse sintetizando carbonato cálcico (calcita), rellenando así las fisuras y reparándolas.
Si hace poco los hormigones aislantes y aligerados parecían lejanos, las investigaciones aquí presentadas son ya una realidad, y a ellos se unirán pronto hormigones flexibles y otros ecológicos, que absorben mayor cantidad de CO2 del que se produce en su fabricación. El hormigón es uno de los materiales de construcción artificiales más antiguos que manejamos, siendo el más producido en el mundo desde hace ya prácticamente una década. La experimentación en los laboratorios permite alterar y diseñar sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas hasta límites hace poco inimaginables, lo que parece conducirnos a un nuevo cambio de paradigma en el empleo del hormigón en edificación.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»10004,10005,10006″][/vc_column][/vc_row]
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