[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]“En Paraguay se construye como si fuera Europa, sin considerar los cambios climáticos y las altas temperaturas.”
Arq. Raúl Montero Bray
| Arq. Raúl Montero Bray.
– “La arquitectura bioclimática es parte de los saberes populares con la adecuación necesaria al clima, las ciudades, el campo o la zona territorial determinada. “ |
La Arquitectura bioclimática se fundamenta en la adecuación y la utilización positiva sobre las condiciones medioambientales y materiales en el proceso de proyectar y realizar la obra. Consiste en diseñar y construir edificios adecuándose al clima, a lo largo de la historia de la arquitectura y la construcción de edificios, a principio del siglo XXsurgió la idea de un microclima interior dentro del edificio.
El microclima interno debería estar desvinculada de las condiciones climáticas generales, así inicio una corriente en la que se rompió el vínculo estrecho entre edificación y clima, para lograrlo tuvieron que aplicar enormes cantidades de recursos energéticos y condicionar internamente el edificio para calefaccionarlo o refrigerarlo.
A final de los 60 la energía de hidrocarburos era la más utilizada y el problema en Europa era el alto costo que implicaba calentar los edificios durante el crudo invierno, además de la emergente crisis del petróleo fue lo que rescató esta corriente de las ciencias ambientales y nace la arquitectura bioclimática.
No se considera como una nueva ciencia, su mayor beneficio es el ahorro energético, se calcula que el 50 por ciento del consumo energético en Paraguay está destinado a iluminación yrefrigeración de los edificios mal diseñados.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»9982,9983,9984,9985,9986″ img_size=»full»][vc_column_text]EL CALOR Y LA ZONA
En Paraguay existen dos zonas climáticas, una es tropical con tendencia a húmeda en la región oriental y otra zona semidesértica o árida en la región del chaco con temperatura elevada y baja humedad, dos situaciones climáticas muy diferentes. Hoy en día la población urbana llega al 62,1% y en la rural al 37,9%.
Las proyecciones indican que seguirá en aumento, según la Dirección General de Estadística, Encuesta y Censo.En el departamento Central se concentra la mayor cantidad poblacional y Asunción reúne más de 37% de la población total del país, es decir, 2.680.502 habitantes.
En nuestro país ha aumentado la construcción de edificios para dar solución a la problemática de la vivienda, pero no existen construcciones referentes de laarquitectura bioclimática,porque no es considerado el ahorro de energía en el diseño yconstrucción conmateriales convencionales.
En este tipo de edificación se utiliza materiales convencionales en función al clima, pero no los ladrillos tipo vistos de color oscuro o rojo.Elladrillo de materialcerámico cocido absorbe y retiene el calor al tener contacto con el sol y con las masas de aire caliente.
El ladrillo toma la temperatura y al calentarse lo distribuye a las zonas de menor temperatura, por lo tanto,tarde o temprano el calor invade dentro del edificio.
Se puede utilizar diferentes materiales como hormigón, ladrillo, piedra o madera dependiendo de la orientación del edificio y la mayor parte deinsolación en que se posiciona.
La propuesta en la arquitectura bioclimática es evitar utilizar materiales que transmita y retenga por mucho tiempo la temperatura, generalmente la parte norte del edificio debería cerrarse para evitar el calor y abrirse hacia el al sur por el viento fresco y seco que enfriaría ellugar.
La ventilación en el lugar
Se debe tener en cuenta la ventilación en el diseño, el aire húmedo se calienta y retiene el calor,en contrapartida el aire seco no se calienta ni se enfría.
De esta manera se evita la concentración del aire húmedo en el edifico, además de emplear los materiales correctos en función al clima del país.
En Asunción las modernas construcciones son de superficies vidriadas, lo que produce el efecto invernadero, Es decir, el calor se concentra en un edificio con muchas superficies de vidrio.
El arquitecto Montero Bray, explicó que para contrarrestar el fenómeno invernadero en los edificiosse utilizan aires acondicionados a baja temperaturaa manera de refrigerarlos y que alcanzan un costo energético elevado.
En el interior de un edifico con esas condiciones, en su interior la presión del aire subey en el exterior baja por ser un aire caliente y húmedo, ambos universos climáticos separada por 10 milímetros de vidrio.
Existen diferentes maneras de ventilar como la ventilación natural, ventilación convectiva y convectiva en desván,pérdidas por ventilación en invierno y la fachada ventilada.
Otro Fenómeno convectivo natural en la bioclimática
La convecciónes una de las tres formas de transferencia de calor (conducción, convección y radiación) que transporta el calor entre zonas con diferentes temperaturas.
Un fenómeno por el cual el aire caliente tiende a ascender y el frío a descender, es posible utilizar la radiación solar para calentar aire de tal manera que, al subir, escape al exterior, teniendo que ser sustituido por aire más frío, lo cual provoca una renovación de aire que se denomina ventilación convectiva. El dispositivo que provoca este fenómeno se denomina chimenea solar.
En un espacio cerrado, el aire caliente tiende a situarse en la parte de arriba, y el frío en la de abajo. Si este espacio es amplio en altura, la diferencia de temperaturas entre la parte alta y la parte baja puede ser apreciable. A ese proceso se lo denomina estratificación térmica. Dos habitaciones colocadas a diferentes alturas, pero comunicadas entre sí, participan de este fenómeno, el resultado será en que la habitación alta siempre estará más cálida que la baja.
Aprovechar el comportamiento climático del suelo
La elevada inercia térmica del suelo provoca que las oscilaciones térmicas del exterior se amortigüen cada vez más según la profundidad. A una determinada profundidad, la temperatura permanece constante es por eso que el aire del interior de las cuevas permanece a una temperatura casi constante e independiente de la temperatura exterior.
La temperatura del suelo suele ser menor que la temperatura exterior en verano, y mayor que la exterior en invierno, con lo que siempre se agradece su influencia. Además de la inercia térmica, una capa de tierra puede actuar como aislante adicional.
Las cuevas siempre fueron utilizadas como protección frente a las inclemencias del tiempo; los sótanos han sido conocidos siempre por su frescor en verano, pero las dos grandes desventajas son la ausencia de luz y la alta humedad relativa, eso ha hecho que cualquier idea de habitar bajo suelo sea infravalorada. Sin embargo, nuevos diseños pretenden aprovechar los efectos climáticos del suelo sin omitir la importancia de la iluminación y el control de la humedad.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»9987,9988,9989,9990″ img_size=»full»][vc_column_text]La protección estructural contra la radiación del verano
Es evidente que en verano hay que reducir las ganancias caloríficas al mínimo, las técnicas utilizadas para el invierno (aislamiento, espacios tapón) contribuyen con igual eficacia para el verano. La ventilación ayuda casi exclusivamente en verano, sin embargo, los sistemas de captación solar pasiva tan útiles en invierno, ahora son perjudiciales, por cuanto es necesario impedir la penetración de la radiación solar, en vez de captarla.
Afortunadamente, en verano el sol está más alto que en invierno, lo cual dificulta su penetración en las cristaleras orientadas al sur. La utilización de un alero o tejadillo sobre la cristalera dificulta aún más la penetración de la radiación directa, afectando poco a la penetración invernal.
El comportamiento climático de una casa no solo depende de su diseño, también está influenciado por su ubicación, la existencia de accidentes naturales como montes, ríos, pantanos, vegetación, o artificiales como edificios próximos, crean un microclima que afecta al viento, la humedad, y la radiación solar que recibe la casa.
Si se ha de construir una casa bioclimática, el primer estudio tiene que dedicarse a las condiciones climáticas de la región y, después, a las condiciones microclimáticas de la ubicación concreta.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»9991,9992,9993″ img_size=»full»][/vc_column][/vc_row]
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