Desde los inicios del modernismo, innumerables arquitectos han expresado sus teorías e ideas arquitectónicas a través del diseño de interiores en proyectos residenciales. En la Casa Vanna Venturi, Robert Venturi exageró la escala de los componentes internos para crear un contraste con las acotadas dimensiones del espacio, expresando complejidad y contradicción. En Villa Mairea, por otro lado, Alvar Aalto construyó una casa «imperfecta» como una forma de rebelarse contra los estrictos estándares estéticos del funcionalismo.
La experimentación conceptual y teórica en los interiores de las viviendas de China ha tenido un comienzo tardío a causa de las influencias políticas y del ritmo de desarrollo propio del país. Mientras que el nacimiento del comunismo llevó a la estandarización, la rápida urbanización y el renacimiento económico ofició de catalizador para que los arquitectos desafíen el statu quo y conceptualicen nuevas definiciones de espacio interior y vivienda.
Las experimentaciones tempranas fueron realmente vanguardistas para el contexto chino, superaron la comprensión del volumen espacial de hogar como la encarnación física de las actividades diarias para evolucionar hacia el entendimiento de los estilos de vida. Algunos ejemplos son la casa 2 LDK, diseñada por el ganador del Pritzker Wang Shu junto con Lu Wenyu, un proyecto donde se invirtió la idea de patio exterior en un apartamento de 50m2 , o la Vertical Glass House (casa vertical de cristal) diseñada por el Atelier FCJZ, que utiliza la transparencia vertical como un desafío directo a la transparencia horizontal promulgada por el Modernismo.
El equipo de ArchDaily China entrevistó a 4 oficinas de arquitectura del país con variadas experiencias -incluyendo al Atelier FCJZ, al Estudio Qiuye Jin, al Atelier tao+c y a maison h– y les pidió a cada una de ellas que o bien definieran los 4 componentes básicos que dan forma a un espacio interior, o qué intentasen explicar de qué manera es posible transformar una «vivienda» en un «hogar», según los modos en que ellos comprenden el espacio y los estilos de vida del contexto chino.
Yung Ho Chang / FCJZ Atelier
Diseñando habitaciones interiores/exteriores
Al principio, puede parecer contradictorio que una casa con una morfología introvertida abrace la naturaleza. En China, sin embargo, interior no significa necesariamente interior. Un patio en una casa puede ser considerado un espacio interior: es simplemente una habitación sin techo que ofrece a los residentes un espacio generoso donde llevar a cabo diversas acciones domésticas y disfrutar, a la vez, del cielo y la tierra. En nuestro estudio, hemos intentado reinterpretar esta proposición espacial específica de varias maneras -un elemento arquitectónico que forma parte del interior pero que por naturaleza es exterior-.
En la Split House, una villa se divide por la mitad para enmarcar una porción de ladera; en la Vertical Glass House, el espacio se abre internamente mediante techos y pisos de vidrio para vincular el cielo con la tierra; mientras que en la casa experimental Concrete Vessel, una vivienda con un un corazón verde abierto, la división entre el interior y el exterior puede eliminarse completamente. Para nosotros, las habitaciones de una vivienda no se encuentran definidas por su funcionalidad, sino que se presentan como una serie de espacios con diversos grados de apertura o cerramiento. En este momento estamos ansiosos por ver cómo resultarán algunos de nuestros experimentos sobre las habitaciones interiores/exteriores, pues cuatro viviendas serán finalizadas en Ningbo a finales de este año.
Qiuye Jin / Qiuye Jin Studio
En la organización típica de la vivienda contemporánea china se le asigna una función determinada a cada habitación. Sin embargo, en las unidades residenciales pequeñas, las habitaciones han comenzado a convertirse en espacios multiuso: es posible encontrar una cama en la sala de estar o una lavadora en el comedor. Las jerarquías de los espacios se han comenzado a perder, representando un importante reto para los diseñadores. Hoy en día, la superficie habitable por persona en Beijing es inferior a los 30 m2, por lo que es sumamente necesario replantearse la distribución de las pequeñas unidades.
El diseño de interiores para nosotros tiene 4 componentes clave: la interacción de las partes, el espacio de los muebles, la escala y las escenas. En china, la distribución tradicional de las habitaciones se centró en el sistema de calefacción conocido como Kang. El sistema es similar a la antigua «cama escalonada», con una escala superior a la de los muebles, pero menor a la de la habitación. En la antigua China, los espacios domésticos eran homogéneos y los muebles funcionaban como una barrera divisoria para definir los espacios. Cuando los diseños se trasladaron a Japón, se desarrolló la tendencia opuesta: el espacio se convirtió en mueble. Toda la habitación podía ser vista como una gran cama. Solo en la habitación tradicional china, el diseño y la organización son capaces de crear una escala tal que permita convertir el espacio en una escena histórica, como la del «Banquete Vespertino de Han Xizai». El espacio es permeable. Las paredes son sólo el fondo del «espacio de los muebles». Las capas que se superponen aportan una gran riqueza. El espacio doméstico se convierte así en un jardín.
Martijn de Geus / maison h
Además de ser rígida e inexpresiva por fuera, la típica residencia china también suele ser incómoda por dentro. No fue pensada para ser un hogar, sino que fue concebida simplemente para ser una eficiente pila de contenedores de hormigón para albergar humanos. El propósito original de los principios de diseño modernistas asociados esta tipología de apartamentos era el de proporcionar a cada casa calidad y confort individual, utilizando un método de construcción masiva industrial, económico y estandarizado. Sin embargo, en realidad, en muchas regiones del mundo, la implementación de los principios de diseño modernistas han conducido hacia una arquitectura fea, aburrida e inhumana.
El diseño interior tiene que tener en cuenta 4 conceptos clave: la comodidad, la familia, la flexibilidad y el almacenamiento. Todas estas consideraciones están claramente evidenciadas en un proyecto que construimos hace varios años para la campeona olímpica Wu Jingyu y su marido en Beijing. La casa estaba muy mal organizada cuando la compraron. Para maximizar tanto los espacios abiertos como los de almacenamiento del apartamento, trasladamos todos los elementos funcionales hacia los muros, permitiendo el libre movimiento, la penetración de la luz y la ventilación cruzada. Al convertir las paredes en muebles flexibles con funciones ocultas y elementos desplegables, pudimos optimizar los espacios. La elección de los materiales, la iluminación y la ventilación cruzada crearon un hogar confortable para todas las estaciones.
El hogar es una expresión de los valores que cada uno aprecia en la vida. Los ambientes de nuestros hogares moldearán la mente de nuestros hijos. Los arquitectos y diseñadores deben poder comprender esto para ayudar a materializar modos de vida responsables que puedan inspirar a las generaciones futuras.
Chunyan Cai and Tao Liu / Atelier tao+c
ESCALA
Para la mayor parte de la gente que vive en una ciudad china de alta densidad, las construcciones son irrelevante. Para los habitantes, sólo representa un entorno construido predeterminado. El hogar no es un refugio, un contenedor para la vida, sino que más bien es un conjunto de rituales y rutinas de la vida cotidiana entorno a objetos domésticos.
Nosotros diseñamos varios proyectos residenciales interiores a pequeña escala en Shanghai. El diseño de interiores doméstico debe poder materializar un paisaje de vida dentro de un espacio físico determinado, liberándose de los rígidos límites de la construcción para redescubrir el potencial de cada escala y dimensión dentro de la esfera privada. A través de los proyectos, redefinimos cada dimensión para combinarla con los objetos y los dispositivos, asi como con las actividades y hábitos de los usuarios. La ubicación y configuración de los objetos establecen la “topografía” de la habitación, siendo capaces de brindarle a las familias una sensación de intimidad. En el proyecto del Estudio en Shanghai, materializamos la vivienda como una caja compacta de 3,6 x 1,7 metros en la que se introducieron los elementos básicos para cumplir las funciones esenciales –una cama, estantes, una mesa y un asiento-. En el proyecto U-shape room, un enorme mueble que da forma a una estructura interna independiente integra todos los requisitos funcionales. En el proyecto Library Home, los estantes, la escalera y el entrepiso crean diversos niveles con espacios de lectura y rincones para la meditación.
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