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ING. ANALÍA NOGUERA ALDERETE – ING. CÉSAR FERNANDO PAIVA LEZCANO – SAN LORENZO – PARAGUAY – 2017
[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]RESUMEN
El estudio se basó en el análisis del comportamiento de mezcla asfáltica en caliente compuesta de agregado pétreo del tipo traquita. Se determinó las características físicas, químicas y mecánicas de la piedra traquita en laboratorio para demostrar la viabilidad del comportamiento de este agregado como material alternativo para el diseño de mezclas asfálticas en caliente y se caracterizaron los demás materiales componentes de la mezcla asfáltica a diseñar. Se diseñó con el método de confección Marshall, para espesores de capa de rodadura menores a 10 cm y para tráfico pesado, una mezcla densa para un tamaño máximo del agregado de 19mm y 75 golpes por cara.
Los ensayos de caracterización de materiales y de mezclas asfálticas están basados en normas de ensayos incluidos en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay. El criterio de para determinar el porcentaje óptimo de asfalto es el actual del Instituto de Asfalto (USA), diseño por volumen (Vacío 4%).
Los resultados de la mezcla asfáltica con este agregado cumplen con los requisitos solicitados en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay, así como los resultados de requerimientos del agregado.[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
OBJETIVOS
OBJETIVO GENERAL
- Demostrar la viabilidad del comportamiento del agregado traquita como material alternativo para el diseño de mezclas asfálticas en caliente
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
- Determinar las características físicas, químicas y mecánicas de la piedra traquita
- Caracterizar los materiales componentes de la mezcla asfáltica a diseñar
- Determinar el comportamiento en laboratorio de la mezcla asfáltica en caliente con agregado traquita utilizando el método Marshall
- Comparar las características de los materiales componentes de la mezcla asfáltica y las del concreto asfáltico con las requeridas en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay
DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DEL ESTUDIO
El tema “ESTUDIO Y DISEÑO DE MEZCLAS ASFÁLTICAS EN CALIENTE CON AGREGADOS PÉTREOS DEL TIPO TRAQUITA”, se llevó acabo en las siguientes etapas:
1° Etapa: Recolección de muestras de agregado de la zona de estudio.
2° Etapa: Realización de ensayo mineralógico de muestras de agregados traquita enel Laboratorio de Vice Ministerio de Minas y Energía, MOPC.
3° Etapa: Realización de ensayos de caracterización física y mecánica del agregado y de la mezcla en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Ingeniería y en laboratorios particulares.
4° Etapa: Análisis de los resultados obtenidos de la mezcla, con contenido óptimo de asfalto, con fines estadísticos.
5° Etapa: Realización de ensayos especiales de agregados y mezclas asfálticas: ensayo de estabilidad remanente, ensayo de polvo adherido, ensayo de hervido Texas y ensayo de adherencia agregado-ligante con piedra sin lavar.
6° Etapa: Confección de factibilidad económica considerando la explotación y producción de concreto asfáltico en caliente, con disposición de traquita y basalto en un mismo lugar, con precios referenciales y rendimientos proveídos por empresas constructoras nacionales dedicadas a la explotación de estos agregados.
7° Etapa: Confección de las recomendaciones y conclusiones finales respecto al agregado traquita y de su uso en mezcla asfáltica en caliente como material alternativo.
A continuación se realizará una descripción de las etapas mencionadas más arriba con los resúmenes de los ensayos de laboratorio obtenidos.
1. OBTENCIÓN DE MUESTRAS
La traquita de estudio corresponde al complejo Sapucai, que se encuentra distribuidos en la zona central del Paraguay Oriental, como en Acahay, Sapucai, Ybyturuzú, Arruaí, Aguapey y Mbocayaty, y en la zona norte, Cerro Corá, Cerro Sarambi y Cerro Guazú.
Las muestras fueron obtenidas de la Región Oriental del país, en el cruce entre la Ruta Gral. Bernardino Caballero y la Ruta Gral. Elizardo Aquino, lugar en donde se encuentra una cantera en explotación del agregado traquita en volumen considerable, siendo esta zona una gran reserva mineralógica de este tipo de agregados.
2. ESTUDIO MINERALOGICO
Los agregados traquita fueron sometidos al ensayo mineralógico por el Departamento de Geología, Dirección de Recursos Minerales, del Viceministerio de Minas y Energía MOPC. El resultado del ensayo fue: se trata de varios ejemplados de materiales pétreos fragmentados, predominan traqui-andesitas, traquitas y otras variedades. Son rocas volcánicas efusivas intermedias, predomina el tipo félsico, en su mayoría porfiríticos con 3 a 6 % de minerales ferromagnesianos, tiene abundantes feldespatos alcalinos y algo de carbonatos.
3. RESULTADO DE ENSAYOS
A los agregados pétreos triturados se realizaron los siguientes ensayos:
- Granulometría
- Peso Específico
- Absorción
- Durabilidad al ataque por sulfatos
- Desgaste los Ángeles
- Índice de durabilidad
- Partículas chatas y alargadas
- Caras Fracturadas
- Sales solubles totales
- Adherencia
- Equivalente de Arena
- Angularidad del agregado fino
- Adhesividad (Riedel Weber)
- Índice de Plasticidad
A continuación se presentan las tablas de resumen de los ensayos realizados en agregados gruesos y finos. Se analizó además las características de la arena lavada de yacimiento del lugar y la cal hidratada utilizada en el mercado nacional.[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
Tabla 1 Peso Específico y Absorción de los agregados
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Tabla 2 Resultados de los ensayos realizados a los agregados
Requerimientos para los Agregados Gruesos
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Tabla 3 Faja de trabajo adoptada para los ensayos
Fuente: Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay. Tomo II – Vol. II 1ra Edición Año 2011. Pág. 213 Pavimento de Concreto Asfáltico en Caliente.
[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5112″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]Los ensayos realizados al CAP fueron los exigidos en las Especificaciones del Cemento Asfáltico Clasificado por Penetración en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay para la caracterización del mismo. Los resultados indicados en la Tabla 4 fueron obtenidos con el procedimiento de ensayo con Viscosímetro rotacional Brookfield.[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
Tabla 4 Resultados de ensayos en CAP realizados en laboratorio de Geotecnia y Asfalto FIUNA
[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5113″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]Los resultados de estos ensayos y la comparación con los requerimientos exigidos en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay se presentan en la Tabla 5.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5115″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]Con las granulometrías determinadas de cada material y los límites inferior y superior de la faja de trabajo adoptada para los ensayos (Tabla 3) se procedió a graficar la faja de diseño resultante.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5118″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]
Figura 1 Faja de Diseño. Fuente: Confección Propia.
[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Los porcentajes de cada material de la Faja de Diseño son: Triturada 4ta=25%, Triturada 5ta=20%, Triturada 6ta=45%, Arena=9% y Filler (Cal)=1%.
La cantidad de golpes para cada una de las probetas Marshall fueron de 75 golpes, con los criterios adoptados se procedió a confeccionar los cuerpos de prueba para el cálculo del porcentaje óptimo de asfalto que verifique el porcentaje de vacíos de 4% (Criterio Actual del Instituto de Asfalto). Se confeccionaron quince probetas con los porcentajes de 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 y 5.5% de asfalto con el debido procedimiento de la norma por el Método Marshall del Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay, a continuación se muestran las curvas resultantes y los valores adoptados.
De la tabla de promedios de los resultados se obtienen las curvas graficadas:
La curva de vacíos-porcentaje de asfalto arrojó como resultado un contenido de asfalto de 5,10% para un 4% de vacíos. Este porcentaje de asfalto verifica a su vez los demás valores de las características de la mezcla exigidos por el Manual de Carreteras.
Además se confeccionaron 12 probetas con el porcentaje óptimo de asfalto para la verificación de los requisitos exigidos por el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay. Los ensayos son Inmersión-Compresión basados en la norma ASTM D-1075 -2007 y Tracción Indirecta en ASTM D-4867 – 2009.
El cálculo de la relación polvo mineral – asfalto es la relación entre el porcentaje en peso del agregado más fino que el tamiz 0,075 mm (Nº 200) y el contenido de asfalto en porcentaje de peso total en la mezcla.
El índice de compactabilidad se calculó por la siguiente fórmula:
Los resultados obtenidos son favorables, frente a los requerimientos solicitados para concretos asfálticos en caliente en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay. Se realizó una tabla de comparación de resultados del concreto asfáltico en caliente con agregado pétreo del tipo traquita con las exigencias de dicho manual.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5120″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_images_carousel images=»5121″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_images_carousel images=»5122″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]Figura 2 Curvas resultantes del diseño. Fuente: Confección Propia[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5124″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]
Tabla 6 Promedio de los resultados de las quince probetas
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4. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO DE RESULTADOS
Se confeccionaron una cantidad de 15 probetas de mezcla asfáltica por el Método Marshall con contenido óptimo de asfalto correspondiente al 5,1% para realizar los ensayos de Estabilidad y Fluencia, Inmersión-Compresión y Tracción indirecta. Con estas probetas se pueden realizar un análisis estadístico para determinar la probabilidad de obtención de resultados, y si se producen de manera regular y constante los valores observables en las mezclas asfálticas moldeadas por el Método Marshall.
5. ESTUDIOS ESPECIALES
Debido al contenido de feldespato en el agregado traquita, la intemperie caoliniza este agregado.También el agregado traquita es intermedio, por lo cual puede tener cierta afinidad con el agua (hidrofilia) y una polaridad negativa, ocasionando quela adhesividad entre los agregados y los ligantes asfálticos no sea buena. Se considera necesario verificar la resistencia a la acción del agua, midiendo la pérdida de cohesión que se produce por la acción del agua sobre la cohesión de mezclas asfálticas. Los ensayos especiales que consideramos necesarios para ello son:
- Estabilidad Remanente
- Ensayo de Polvo Adherido
- Ensayo de Hervido Texas
- Ensayo de Adherencia agregado-ligante con piedra sin lavar
[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Tabla 8 Resultados de los ensayos realizados al concreto asfáltico en caliente con agregado pétreo del tipo traquita[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5126″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]
Tabla 9 Resultados de parámetros en probetas de contenido óptimo de asfalto
[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5127″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]ESTABILIDAD REMANENTE (VN – E32 – 67)
Tabla 12 Promedio de los resultados ensayo de Estabilidad Remanente[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5128″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]
ENSAYO DE POLVO ADHERIDO (VN – E68 – 75)
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ENSAYO DE HERVIDO TEXAS (ASTM-D-3625-96)
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ENSAYO DE ADHERENCIA AGREGADO-LIGANTE CON PIEDRA SIN LAVAR (Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay (Agregado sin lavar))
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6. FACTIBILIDAD ECONÓMICA
A continuación se muestran los resultados obtenidos para iniciar el análisis de costo, el contenido óptimo de asfalto fue determinado para un 4% de vacíos en ambos tipos de concretos asfálticos.[/vc_column_text][vc_images_carousel images=»5133″ img_size=»full» hide_pagination_control=»yes» hide_prev_next_buttons=»yes»][vc_column_text]Tabla 13 Diferencias entre basalto y traquita en Explotación, Trituración y Producción de concreto asfáltico, con datos referenciales[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
Tabla 14 Resultados de análisis de costos
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7. RECOMENDACIONES Y CONCLUSIONES FINALES
7.1 CONCLUSIONES TÉCNICAS
7.1.1 REFERENTES AL AGREGADO TRAQUITA
- La Traquita presenta resultados muy favorables en lo referente a lo solicitado en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay.
- La Traquita presentan una elevada absorción.
- La Traquita no presenta problemas de adhesividad con los ligantes asfálticos.
- La piedra Traquita cumple con los requerimientos técnicos para ser utilizado en concretos asfálticos en caliente.
7.1.2 REFERENTES A LA MEZCLA
- Con el diseño de 4% de vacío (Criterio Actual del Instituto del Asfalto), Cumple óptimamente los requerimientos técnicos solicitados en el Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay.
- Respecto a la adherencia del agregado-ligante de la mezcla asfáltica, podemos afirmar que resiste a la acción del agua, aún en la condición más desfavorable.
- Se concluye que la mezcla diseñada es apta técnicamente para su uso en pavimentos de tránsito pesado.
7.2 CONCLUSIONES ECONÓMICAS
- En el costo de explotación y trituración de la piedra traquita, se tiene un ahorro del 2,32% (1.161 Gs/tn), en el caso hipotético de que se cuente en el mismo lugar con piedra basáltica.
- Un mayor consumo de asfalto para este agregado, repercute en un mayor costo económico en la mezcla asfáltica.
- El costo de producción de concreto asfáltico con piedra traquita, es ligeramente más elevado, un 6,85% (27.593 Gs/tn) por encima del concreto asfáltico producido con piedra basáltica.
- En carpeta de concreto asfáltico el costo con piedra traquita es menor al de concreto asfáltico con basalto en un 2,83% (36.597 Gs/tn) debido a su menor densidad.
- Se concluye que para el uso de concreto asfáltico en caliente en carpeta de rodadura, contando con los dos materiales pétreos, resulta más económico la utilización del agregado traquita.
7.3 RECOMENDACIONES DEL ESTUDIO
- Recomendamos la utilización del agregado Traquita para su uso en carpeta de concreto asfáltico en caliente sometido a tránsito pesado, debido a que cumple todas las exigencias técnicas establecidas.
- Recomendamos la utilización de la traquita debido a que presenta ventajas económicas comparativas con respecto al basalto en carpeta asfáltica.
- Se debe estudiar todas las características mineralógicas, físicas, químicas y mecánicas de los agregados pétreos disponibles en nuestro país, de manera a conocer en qué tipos de estructuras pueden ser útiles.
- Se sugiere realizar una revisión del Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay de manera a que sea una guía completa e indispensable para los proyectos viales en el Paraguay.
- Se debe impulsar la modernización y la adecuación de los Laboratorios de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, el de las Universidades Privadas y de Particulares, de manera a que la realización de los ensayos se vuelva más eficiente y con resultados más convincentes.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
- Manual de Carreteras del Paraguay, Construcción de Pavimentos.
- Publicación técnica N° 299 de la Secretaría de comunicaciones y transporte S.C.T. de Salvador. Clasificación de Mezclas Asfálticas.
- UPC Deformaciones Plásticas en Mezclas Asfálticas, Alejandro Padilla Rodríguez. Año 2001
- Instituto Chileno del Asfalto, Asphalt Institute.Principios de Construcción de Pavimentos de Mezcla Asfáltica en Caliente. 1982. MS-22.
- Estado del Arte. Diseño de Mezclas Asfálticas. Colección de Tesis Digitales Universidad de las Américas Puebla. México
- Casali, Ing. Aquiles.Construcción de Obras Viales. San Lorenzo: Ingeniería Hoy, 1993.
- UPB Universidad Politécnica de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Estudio de Deformaciones de Mezclas Asfálticas [aut, libro] Alejandro Padilla Rodríguez. Barcelona: s.n., 2001.
- Ciencias de la Tierra 8 Edición – Una Introducción a la Geología Física. Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens.
- Núñez, Agustín López.Manual de Geología del Paraguay, Asunción: sn.,2006.
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