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ARQ. VIVIANA DIEZ PEREZ – ASUNCIÓN – PARAGUAY
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CASANTINO es una vivienda unifamiliar situada en el barrio Mburucuyá de la ciudad de Asunción, capital del Paraguay, en un terreno de 26 mts. por 30 mts. Con un conjunto de árboles significativos como el Lapacho, árbol típico de nuestro paisaje, y el Tataré, que conceden un alto valor paisajístico al terreno.
Las condicionantes…
Se contaban con dos lotes contiguos, cada uno de 13 mts. por 30 mts. uno de ellos en esquina. La primera condicionante, transformada en desafío, fue la de limitar la implantación de la vivienda a uno de los lotes, de modo a que el otro funcionara como patio de la misma y que en un futuro se pudiera considerar dar otro uso a dicho lote, sin que ello implicara modificaciones en la distribución de la vivienda y que la misma mantuviera su funcionalidad, carácter y atractivos.
Así mismo debía proyectarse la vivienda de modo a que la construcción pudiera realizarse en etapas.
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Proyectación
Cómo punto de partida se trabaja en la generación de significados y sensaciones, se busca que esta arquitectura sea mucho más honesta.
Se propone palpar, sentir y vivir el sitio y el entorno.
Se decide situar la vivienda de modo a generar un amplio campo visual de paisaje circundante único. Incide en la decisión de la implantación la situación del terreno, se observa con una gran pronunciación su declive hacia la calle lateral, de este modo se piensa que el terreno más elevado es el más adecuado para aprovechar las vistas panorámicas. Una vez resuelto el tema de la elección del mejor lote para la implantación de la vivienda se resuelve trabajar sobre tres conceptos abstractos que identifican a los futuros habitantes, al sitio y al entorno: dinamismo, apertura y fluidez.
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El Partido…
Se plantea la vivienda a partir de una estructura binuclear. Dos volúmenes que se extienden a todo lo ancho del lote y se abren entre sí para dar paso a un patio central; el espacio exterior penetra en la vivienda y la atraviesa virtualmente instalándose en el centro de la misma, captando la atención de toda la construcción circundante.
Este partido abierto, permite resolver con claridad la incidencia de los factores bioclimáticos en la vivienda: la orientación de todos los dormitorios al mejor cuadrante: el noreste, el correcto asoleamiento de los espacios y la ventilación cruzada. Así mismo se genera una integración y vinculación más clara entre los distintos espacios.
Se convierte en una vivienda de llenos y vacíos que se van vivenciando a través del recorrido, estos llenos y vacíos van enriqueciendo los espacios con las entradas de luces, que van variando a lo largo del día según las distintas posiciones que va adoptando el sol, así los espacios van generando sorpresa e invitan al disfrute de los distintos espacios.
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La geometría se ordena de manera simple y en etapas. Se erige dignamente bajo un esquema compositivo sencillo, se van organizando los espacios con mucha sensibilidad, y consiguiendo una buena articulación. Así, se resuelve en la primera tira, las necesidades más fundamentales para el habitar: un espacio de estar social / diario de uso diurno y que a la noche pudiera transformarse en dormitorio, y servicios básicos: cocina y un baño social / diario en planta baja, en una primera etapa.
En una segunda etapa de construcción se plantea una superposición de volúmenes, generando los paquetes de circulación que conectan a los espacios íntimos en planta alta, dos dormitorios en suite, liberando el espacio de uso dual en planta baja para un uso más social en esta etapa. Por último y en una tercera etapa de crecimiento se plantea el bloque posterior como área social y de expansión vinculado con el patio posterior y en planta alta sobre el mismo bloque se proyecta el dormitorio principial y la sala de juegos con una terraza como expansión. De esta manera el espacio social de planta baja pasa a convertirse en un espacio de uso diario conectado a los demás espacios de uso cotidiano de la vivienda como la cocina, el estacionamiento.
Se trabaja la vegetación como parte integrante de la vivienda y como protagonista en todos los ambientes de la misma.
Los dos dormitorios de planta alta son ubicados de manera lineal de modo a recibir el asoleamiento de la mañana, con grandes ventanales para el disfrute del frondoso paisaje.
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Agobiados por un clima sofocante de altas temperaturas en verano, se piensa en los patios, galerías y terrazas como componentes fundamentales de esta propuesta. Se trabaja con el paisaje como componente esencial. Se proponen fachadas de planos lo más transparentes posibles de modo a que el espacio interior se proyecte sin límites hacia el paisaje.
El encuentro entre lo social: más esporádico y lo diario, lo cotidiano, se da a través de un espacio único: la galería. Espacio de convergencias, como una pausa que obliga al disfrute de la naturaleza. Así mismo este espacio funciona como tamizador de la incidencia del sol de la tarde en la fachada vidriada que da al oeste. Dos frondosos árboles actúan casi como cómplices en este cometido. Como elemento fundamental para paliar la incidencia del oeste sobre las fachadas vidriadas y galería, se plantea un sistema[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]
de parasoles móviles de pieles metálicas perforadas que reflejan el entorno circundante de arboles y al mismo tiempo van generando un sin fin de sensaciones y emociones. Este espacio de galería en planta baja, se transforma en una terraza abierta en planta alta como expansión de un espacio más íntimo: la sala de juegos, buscando, quizás repetir sensaciones y definitivamente disfrutar desde otra perspectiva de los mismos atractivos.
La vivienda se materializa con elementos constructivos comunes en Paraguay: el ladrillo, la cerámica, el hormigón, y la chapa ecológica como cubierta de los dos volúmenes articulados. De modo a materializar el dinamismo, asociamos este concepto a la flexibilidad del ladrillo, que es trabajado con variaciones aleatorias, se recurre al calado, al juego informal, todo esto de modo a formar un tejido más dinámico que contrasta por un lado, con la quietud y la serenidad del blanco, color predominante en toda la vivienda propuesto como símbolo de respeto al entorno generando así volúmenes puros, luminosos; y por otro lado, con las grandes superficies vidriadas utilizadas de manera a mimetizar la vida interior con el exterior.
El ladrillo sin embargo es utilizado en esta vivienda para remarcar el recorrido desde el acceso principal de la vivienda, pasando por la estancia de uso diario, mas introvertida, se avanza en el recorrido hacia la luz del patio interior que va penetrando el espacio, que se presenta como una especie de zaguán, como anunciando el gran espacio social, extrovertido y acristalado que se abre como remate del recorrido.
Los conectores se resuelven como cajas puras de concreto de techos planos, en el caso de la escalera queda a la vista la textura del hormigón.
Una doble altura en el área del comedor social colabora con la concepción de llenos y vacíos, al mismo tiempo que genera un recorrido en planta alta tipo puente que permite disfrutar los espacios en sentido horizontal y vertical al mismo tiempo.
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