1. GENERALIDADES
Los bañados de Asunción se crearon debido a la acumulación de sedimentos, debido a tres factores:
• Ambiente de deposición: Las dos estructuras de control existentes, la de Ytá Pytá Punta y el Cerro Lambaré, generan condiciones favorables para la formación de remansos, con ambientes de aguas tranquilas y velocidades de la corriente bajas.
• Forma y tamaño de las partículas del suelo: Formados por arenas finas limosas de granos redondeados.
• Escorrentía: de los suelos de la ciudad, formados por suelos erodibles con gran pendiente y un régimen de precipitación alto.
Estos bañados, suelos sujetos a inundaciones, fueron ocupados por la población rural, olvidada y dejada a su suerte por gobiernos que no supieron dar respuesta a la misma.
Esta población, con sus hábitos rurales, pasó a ocupar esa zona urbana, en forma desordenada y precaria.
2. EL RÍO PARAGUAY Y SUS NIVELES
El cero hidrográfico del Río Paraguay se encuentra en la cota +54.04 referida al 0.00 de Mar del Plata.
En situación ordinaria el Río está en la cota +58.10, llegando las inundaciones ordinarias a la cota +60.10, alcanzando en el año 1.983 a +63.05 (9.01 m por encima del cero).
Los asentamientos, muchos de ellos precarios, se encuentran asentados en niveles sujetos a las inundaciones ordinarias del río.
Este río de llanura, deja, en función a la velocidad de las crecidas, sedimentos gruesos (arenas) o sedimentos finos (arcillas)
La ciudad alta de Asunción se encuentra en cotas superiores a +70.00 en la mayoría de los casos, terminando la misma en sus barrancos, llevando sus aguas a los dos bañados (norte y sur), a través de sus arroyos.
3. PROTECCIÓN DE LOS BAÑADOS
Hace más de veinte años que se viene discutiendo sobre la forma de solucionar el problema que acarrea a los pobladores de los bañados, la crecida del Río Paraguay.
Se llegó inclusive a tener la factibilidad total del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), para la concesión del crédito que hubiese permitido realizar la totalidad del relleno hidráulico del bañado norte, desde el Puerto de Asunción, hasta el Botánico.
Problemas y mezquindades políticas, llevaron a truncar el proyecto, llegando inclusive a la negación de créditos futuros de dicho organismo mundial.
Dos metodologías fueron analizadas: El Relleno Hidráulico y el Polder.
4. RELLENO HIDRÁULICO
El Relleno Hidráulico es el proceso consistente en la extracción de material, predominantemente arenoso, del fondo del río, por medio de una draga provista de una bomba, para que mediante la adición de agua pueda ser impulsada al sitio que se desea rellenar.
4.1 VENTAJAS DEL RELLENO HIDRÁULICO:
• Es una solución integradora al incorporar el bañado a la ciudad y la ciudad al río.
• Mejora ostensiblemente las condiciones de vida del poblador tanto en el medio físico como en el medio humano.
• Al elevarse el nivel del terreno por encima de la cota máxima de las inundaciones, desaparecen todos los riesgos inherentes a la vida en recintos cerrados por debajo del nivel del río.
• Ordena el territorio mejorando radicalmente su aprovechamiento generando nuevas oportunidades de trabajo.
• Es una solución integradora al incorporar el bañado a la ciudad y la ciudad al río.
• Mejora ostensiblemente las condiciones de vida del poblador tanto en el medio físico como en el medio humano.
• Al elevarse el nivel del terreno por encima de la cota máxima de las inundaciones, desaparecen todos los riesgos inherentes a la vida en recintos cerrados por debajo del nivel del río.
• Ordena el territorio mejorando radicalmente su aprovechamiento generando nuevas oportunidades de trabajo.
4.2 DESVENTAJAS DEL RELLENO HIDRÁULICO:
• Su construcción es más demorada por involucrar mayor movimiento de tierras.
• Exige la mudanza temporal de los pobladores mientras se realizan las obras.
• La reorganización territorial podría afectar a la actual organización comunitaria.
• El poblador podría quedar sujeto al riesgo de la especulación inmobiliaria.
• El sistema impositivo y de pago de las reformas, debe ser sustentable con la capacidad de pago de los pobladores.
5. POLDER
Término holandés que define las superficies terrestres ganadas al mar. Esta técnica se utilizó por primera vez en el siglo XII, en la región de Flandes, con el objeto de conquistar las tierras situadas a orillas del mar, que se hallan a su mismo nivel o inferior, para darles de esta forma un aprovechamiento agrícola.
Por extensión, el término pólder se aplica a todos los terrenos húmedos (como marismas, lagos y llanuras aluviales) que han sido desecados con fines agrícolas, industriales o portuarios
5.1 VENTAJAS DEL POLDER:
• Los pobladores permanecen en el lugar, salvo aquellos que estén afectados por las obras complementarias (lagunas de retención, protecciones de arroyo, etc.).
• Es de construcción más rápida por involucrar un menor volumen de tierra.
• Mantiene las condiciones actuales de vida, en cuanto a la organización comunitaria se refiere.
5.2 Desventajas del Polder:
• La eventual rotura de los diques tendría consecuencias catastróficas (con pérdidas de vidas humanas).
• El poblador pierde la visión del río por estar a un nivel inferior que el dique de protección.
• Forma un recinto cerrado, al que debe dotársele de un eficiente sistema de bombeo de las aguas pluviales y servidas.
• Aunque lo protege de las crecidas del río, no crea una mejora en las condiciones de vida del poblador.
• Socialmente, es una solución confinante y no integradora.
• Disminución de la calidad de vida, al condenar al poblador a vivir permanentemente en un ambiente más húmedo que el actual, por el ascenso del nivel freático.
• Requiere de un ente para el control permanentemente de las instalaciones.
• El área de taludes a ser protegido es muy grande y es muy superior al de un relleno hidráulico.
• Por ser una obra de menor porte que el relleno hidráulico, genera menos fuente de trabajo.
• Priva a los asuncenos el acceso al río.
6. RIESGOS DEL POLDER
En el Polder se presentan tres zonas de alto riesgo, la zona de los diques, la zona del recinto y la zona del barranco.
6.1 RIESGOS EN LA ZONA DE DIQUES:
• Rotura de diques.
• Erosión de taludes del dique.
• Socavación del pie de talud del dique.
• Ocupación de taludes.
• Infiltración del agua del río hacia el recinto, por debajo del nivel de base del dique.
6.2 RIESGOS EN LA ZONA DEL RECINTO:
• Pérdida masiva de vidas en caso de rotura de diques.
• Subpresión.
• Nivel freático prácticamente a nivel de superficie.
• Inundaciones por falla del sistema de bombeo pluvial.
• Inundaciones y contaminación por falla del sistema de bombeo cloacal.
6.3 RIESGOS EN LA ZONA DEL BARRANCO:
• Estabilidad del barranco.
• Fundaciones en diferentes niveles.
• Formación de manantiales y cavernas en el pie de los taludes (erosión regresiva).
• Deslizamiento de taludes.
• Aluviones.
7. VENTAJAS DEL RELLENO HIDRÁULICO
Desde nuestro punto de vista, el Relleno Hidráulico es un proyecto sistémico que presenta una serie de ventajas que pasamos a detallar.
7.1 DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA SOCIAL:
• Reasentamiento de familias, en barrios nuevos, saneados, urbanizados y equipados.
• Consolidación, mejoramiento y equipamiento de barrios y viviendas existentes en la zona de borde, en áreas no inundables.
• Fortalecimiento de organizaciones barriales, vecinales y comunales de los pobladores.
• Mejoramiento del hábitat y la calidad de vida de los pobladores de los bañados.
• Mejoramiento de la salud pública en general.
• Desarrollo del capital social de los pobladores de la zona.
• Fortalecimiento de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil mediante la participación de las mismas en el proceso de gestión del proyecto.
7.2 DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA TÉCNICO Y URBANÍSTICO:
• Reasentamiento de familias en barrios nuevos, saneados, urbanizados y equipados, con unidades básicas de viviendas de interés social.
• Recuperación de zonas a lo largo de la costa.
• Mejoramiento del acceso al centro mediante la creación de una Avenida costera.
• Creación de nuevos espacios y parques públicos.
• Creación de nuevas centralidades urbanas con la consiguiente oportunidad de negocios.
7.3 DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA AMBIENTAL:
• Protección y saneamiento de arroyos y cursos de agua de la zona del proyecto.
• Sistemas de alcantarillado sanitario, desagüe pluvial y agua potable en los nuevos barrios a ser creados.
• Inicio del proceso de saneamiento y recuperación de la Bahía de Asunción, para su uso como espacios públicos, de recreación y turísticos.
• Incorporación de parques artificiales y parques naturales manejados.
• Inicio del proceso de saneamiento y recuperación de las zonas ribereñas y de las costas de Asunción.
7.4 DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA ECONÓMICO:
• El relleno hidráulico crearía un efecto dinamizador de la economía, por el gran volumen de obra y por la inversión en viviendas sociales.
• Valorizaría los terrenos afectados, directa e indirectamente.
• Reduciría notablemente el gasto por inundaciones.
• Lograría un gran ahorro en el acceso al microcentro de la ciudad con la ejecución de la vía Costanera.
7.5 DESDE EL PUNTO DE VISTA INSTITUCIONAL:
• El relleno hidráulico permite la creación de un nuevo modelo de gestión para el desarrollo y la concreción de un proyecto multipropósito de gran envergadura y enorme complejidad.
• Permite la creación de un modelo de gestión incluyente que contará con la participación activa y el compromiso legal de diferentes instancias del gobierno local y del gobierno central.
• Contribuye a la recuperación de la confianza de la ciudadanía en la capacidad e idoneidad del gobierno central y del gobierno municipal en la gestión de grandes proyectos de desarrollo, que traen aparejados beneficios sociales, económicos y ambientales.
• Mejoramiento, valorización y posicionamiento regional de la ciudad de Asunción, como capital del Paraguay y una de las capitales del Mercosur.
8. CONCLUSIONES
• El relleno hidráulico logra formalizar económicamente a los beneficiarios, permitiéndoles entrar en el circuito económico, los dignifica y los convierte en verdaderos ciudadanos y ciudadanas.
• El relleno hidráulico es una realidad y existe en Asunción, un barrio construido totalmente con ese sistema, el Barrio Refugio, donde viven actualmente 72 familias, beneficiarias del proyecto piloto, realizado en el bajo del Parque Caballero y en la Avenida General Santos con 112 familias beneficiadas.
• Las mejoras introducidas en el recinto del pólder, pueden echarse a perder de la noche a la mañana, ante cualquier falla de los sistemas de bombeo y ni que decir ante la eventual falla de un dique, por falta de mantenimiento o por mal diseño del mismo, donde no sólo se perderían las mejoras, sino miles de vidas humanas.
• Las viviendas de la siguiente diapositiva, que no se modificarían con el pólder, vistas desde el río, quedarían ocultadas por el dique y por la misma razón, la visión del río desde el recinto, generando un efecto “palangana”.
9. REFLEXIÓN FINAL
El problema de la Franja Costera es un problema social, causado en gran parte por un Estado ineficiente, incapaz de dar solución a los campesinos que se vieron, en su mayoría, obligados a migrar hacia los bañados de Asunción.
Debe ser encarado como tal, como un problema social y buscar por ende una solución que dignifique al poblador y que le de mejores condiciones de calidad de vida. Esta solución es para nosotros, sin lugar a dudas, el relleno hidráulico.
El Relleno Hidráulico no solo eleva el nivel del terreno a cotas no inundables, sino que eleva fundamentalmente la calidad de vida de los pobladores de los bañados.
La alternativa del Relleno Hidráulico es una solución sistémica, que contempla lo social, lo ambiental, lo urbanístico y lo económico, contra la alternativa del Polder, que condena a los afectados a vivir excluidos de la ciudad.
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